THE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH PROGRAM
Regrowth on Lophophora williamsii
Peyote post-harvest regrowth –
the harvested group
Summary of observations after six years
Concerning data on regrowth involving
multiple
pups it is important to understand that there is not necessarily a
direct 1:1 correspondence between sequential figures for individual
pups within a single plant.
It was not uncommon for some or all pups to be partly or
entirely covered so some photos illustrate the pre-uncovery state.
Images of the tags can be viewed via
the links for the
tag numbers in the first column.
Images of regrowth for the actual
plants that
were harvested in our study can be viewed using the links in the column
headed "Regrowth as number of pups".
Images of the regrowth plants that
were reharvested in the second and third phases of this study can be
viewed using
the links in the comments column.
On 8 March 2010 the second phase of
this study began
with the two year old regrowth of half the original harvested plants
being reharvested. Those twenty plants were rooted for replanting and
the mother plants are now part of a subgroup in the study.
On 13 March 2012 the third phase of
this study began
with the two-year old regrowth of half the reharvested plants being
reharvested yet again (the third harvest of those plants in four
years). The harvested buttons from those twenty plants were dried and
saved for a study to determine the mescaline content of small regrowth
buttons compared to crown tissue from eight-ribbed mature plants from
the same population, and the mother plants are now part of a subgroup
in the study. Both the thrice harvested plants and the
once harvested plants had four dead or missing plants.
The
results from our March
2009–2012 visits concerning those 20 individuals.
On 10 March 2014, we returned for a follow-up visit and an additional reharvest of half of the two-yr old regrowth.
nd – No
data available.
– – Missing
data.
Plant No.
[Tag IMG]
|
Number
of ribs
|
Diameter
(cm)
|
Height
(cm)
|
Weight
(gm)
|
Regrowth as
number of pups
(Links to images)
|
Regrowth as
diameter of pups
(cm)
|
Comments
|
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2014
|
3
Mar. 2008 (This refers to the original plant.)
Also entries for 2010-2012 & 2014
|
11 Nov. 2008
7 Mar. 2009
6 Mar. 2010
15 Mar. 2011
13 Mar. 2012
10 Mar. 2014
|
11 Nov.
2008
7 Mar. 2009
6 Mar. 2010
15 Mar. 2011
13 Mar. 2012
10 Mar. 2014
|
|
| |
101
101
101
101
101
101
|
13
–
8, 7, 6, 7
nd
nd
nd
|
6.2
|
3.0
|
65
|
4
4
4
0
0
0
|
1.3, 2.5, 2.4, 1.2
2.0, 2.7, 2.5, 1.3
2.5, 3.1, 3.1, 20
nd
nd
nd
|
Reharvested 8 March 2010
Dead remains found.
Reharvest set 13 March
2012
Reharvest set 10 March 2014
|
102
102
102
102
102
102
|
5
–
nd
nd
nd
nd
|
2.4
|
1.0
|
3
|
1
1
nd
nd
nd
nd
|
1.5
1.5
nd
nd
nd
nd
|
Plant not present. Hog activity.
Plant not present.
|
103
103
103
103
103
103
|
5
–
7, 7
6, 6
5, 5
5, 5, 8, 8, 11
|
2.0
|
0.7
|
3
|
3
2
2
2
2
5
|
0.5, 0.8, 0.9
1.2, 1.3
1.4, 1.5
0.6, 0.6
2.6, 2.0
4.0, 4.0, 6.0, 5.8, 8.5
|
New control 13
March 2012
|
104
104
104
104
104
104
|
8
–
*
nd
nd
nd
|
4.6
|
1.5
|
23
|
–
–
2
0
0
0
|
nd
nd
9
nd
nd
nd
|
Tag not found. Plant
not found.
Tag not found. Plant not found.
*Not countable.
Carcass present.
New control set 13
March 2012
|
105
105
105
105
105
105
|
8
–
nd
nd
nd
nd
|
5.0
|
1.5
|
23
|
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
|
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
|
Presumed dead. Not locateable.
|
106
106
106
106
106
106
|
13
–
7, 5
not countable
5
7
|
6.3
|
1.6
|
45
|
2
3
2
1
1
1
|
2.0, 2.4 (error)
2.0, 2.4, 1.9 (error)
4.0, 7.0 (error)
1.0
1.5
3.2
|
Confusion detailed on
image pages.
Partially eaten.
New control 13
March 2012
|
107
107
107
107
107
107
|
8
–
nd
nd
nd
nd
|
5.0
|
3.0
|
31
|
6
6
0
0
0
nd
|
1.5, 2.0, 1.8, 1.3, 1.6, 1.4
1.8, 2.4, 2.2, 1.5, 1.9, 1.5
nd
nd
nd
nd
|
Dead. Remains located.
Abundant remains still present.
|
108
108
108
108
108
108
|
8
–
5, 7, 7
7, 7, 5*
7, unclear, 5
8, 7
|
5.0
|
1.5
|
31
|
–
3
3
3 (new)
3
2 (new)
|
nd
2.1, 1.8, 2.1
2.1, 1.6, 2.4
2.1, 1.3, 1.3
3.2, 1.2, 2.1
3.5, 2.9
|
Tag not found. Plant
not found.
Reharvested 8 March 2010
*Chewed on by herbivores.
Reharvested 13 March 2012
Reharvested 10 March 2014
|
109
109
109
109
109
109
|
9
–
7, 8, 7
8, 7, 7
8, 8, 8
8, 8, 8
|
5.8
|
1.9
|
43
|
–
–
3
3
3
3
|
nd
nd
2.9, 3.8, 3.4
3.1, 3.0, 3.1
4.3, 4.0, 3.8
5.9, 5.6, 5.5
|
Tag not found. Plant
not found.
Tag not found. Plant not found.
New control 13
March 2012
|
110
110
110
110
110
110
|
8
–
7, 7
nd
nd
nd
|
4.1
|
1.8
|
23
|
–
–
2
0
0
0
|
nd
nd
2.5, 2.1
nd
nd
nd
|
Tag not found. Plant
not found.
Tag not found. Plant not found.
Reharvested 8 March 2010
Dead. Carcass located.
Reharvest set 13 March
2012
Reharvest set 10 March 2014
|
111
111
111
111
111
111
|
8
–
8, 5
6
nd
nd
|
2.7
|
0.9
|
6
|
–
–
2
1
0
0
|
nd
nd
2.0, 0.6
1.0
nd
nd
|
Tag not found. Plant
not found.
Tag not found. Plant not found.
New control 13
March 2012
Photographs were missed.
|
112
112
112
112
112
112
|
13
–
8, 7, 8, 8
7, 8, 6, 6
6, 5, 6, 6
nd
|
4.8
|
0.7
|
20
|
–
4
4
4 (new)
4
0
|
nd
2.1, 2.0, 1.7, 1.6
2.6, 1.3, 2.7, 2.4
1.3, 1.5, 1.3, 1.3
2.2, 2.0, 1.8, 1.8
nd
|
Tag not found. Plant
not found.
Reharvested 8 March 2010
Reharvested 13 March 2012
Reharvest set 10 March 2014
|
113
113
113
113
113
113
|
13
–
nd
nd
nd
nd
|
6.3
|
2.6
|
74
|
1
0
0
0
0
0
|
0.9
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
|
Dead. Remains located.
Carcass still present.
|
114
114
114
114
114
114
|
8
–
7, 8
8, 5
nd
nd
|
4.1
|
1.2
|
17
|
2
2
2
2 (new)
0
0
|
1.7, 1.9
1.7, 1.7
2.1, 2.2
2.3, 1.0
nd
nd
|
Reharvested 8 March 2010
1 head looks older than the other.
Reharvest set 13 March
2012
Reharvest set 10 March 2014
|
115
115
115
115
115
115
|
5
–
nd
nd
nd
nd
|
2.2
|
0.8
|
3
|
0
0
0
0
0
0
|
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
|
Dead but not locateable.
Carcass found.
|
116
116
116
116
116
116
|
8
–
8, 5, 6
5*, 8, 6
nd
nd
|
4.4
|
0.3
|
23
|
3
3
3
3
0
0
|
1.7, 1.0, 1.4
1.7, 0.9, 1.6
2.5, 0.7, 1.8
2.5, 2.5, 0.7
nd
nd
|
*Chewed on by herbivores.
New control set 13
March 2012
|
117
117
117
117
117
117
|
8
–
11, 6, 6
8, 7, 12
nd
nd
|
5.4
|
1.7
|
28
|
3
3
3
3
0
0
|
1.3, 2.8, 1.8
1.8, 3.0, 2.1
1.7, 3.6, 2.2
2.6, 2.5, 4.5
nd
nd
|
New control set 13
March 2012
|
118
118
118
118
118
118
|
8
–
8, 7, 7, 6, 6
7, 7, 6
7, 7, 7
7, 1 (or 2?)
|
5.3
|
1.3
|
34
|
5
5
5
3 (new)
3
2 (new)
|
1.0, 1.3, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4
1.0, 1.9, 1.3, 1.7, 2.0
1.9, 1.1, 1.4, 1.0, 1.5
1.7, 1.8, 1.8
2.3, 2.3, 2.1
3.1, 1.6
|
Reharvested 8 March 2010
Reharvested 13 March 2012
Reharvested 10 March 2014
|
119
119
119
119
119
119
|
13
–
8, 5, 8, 8
6, 7, 7, 6
7, 5, 7, 5
8, 6, 5, 7
|
5.4
|
2.3
|
48
|
4
4
4
4
4
4
|
1.9, 0.8, 1.5, 1.6
2.2, 0.9, 1.3, 1.9
2.4, 0.9, 1.6, 1.6
2.4, 2.8, 3.2, 1.9
4.0, 2.5, 3.1, 3.2
5.7, 3.8, 4.2, 4.1
|
New control 13
March 2012
|
120
120
120
120
120
120
|
8
–
7, 8
7, 6
6, 6
nd
|
5.6
|
1.4
|
28
|
–
–
2
2 (new)
2
0
|
nd
nd
1.8, 2.1
2.0, 1.5
2.2, 1.8
nd
|
Tag not found. Plant
not found.
Tag not found. Plant not found.
Reharvested 8 March 2010
One crown was stepped on.
Reharvested 13 March 2012
Reharvested 10 March 2014
|
121
121
121
121
121
121
|
13
–
8, 7
7, 7
8, 7
8, 8
|
6.3
|
2.6
|
71
|
2
2
2
2
2
2
|
1.9, 2.5
2.4, 2.6
2.4, 2.7
3.6, 3.4
4.0, 4.2
4.9, 4.9
|
New control 13
March 2012
|
122
122
122
122
122
122
|
5
–
7
6
8
8
|
2.9
|
1.0
|
6
|
1
–
1
1 (new)
1
1 (new)
|
2.2
nd
2.1
1.7
2.1
1.8
|
Tag not found. Plant not found.
Reharvested 8 March 2010
.
Reharvested 13 March 2012
Reharvested 10 March 2014
|
123
123
123
123
123
123
|
8
–
6, 5
7, 6
8, 7
8
|
5.0
|
1.8
|
31
|
–
–
2
2
2
1
|
nd
nd
2.1, 1.6
2.5*, 2.9
3.2, 3.0
4.0
|
Tag not found. Plant
not found.
Tag not found. Plant not found.
*Regrowth after herbivore damage.
New control 13
March 2012
|
124
124
124
124
124
124
|
8
–
7, 6
5, 5
8, 7
6
|
4.1
|
1.1
|
17
|
2
2
2
2 (new)
2
1 (new)
|
1.9, 2.1
1.8, 2.0
1.8, 1.8
0.8, 2.0
2.5, 2.0
2.3
|
Reharvested 8 March 2010
Reharvested 13 March 2012
Reharvested 10 March 2014
|
125
125
125
125
125
125
|
8
–
5, 6
6, 7
7, 7
7, 8
|
4.4
|
1.1
|
14
|
2
2
2
2
2
2
|
1.6, 1.5
2.0, 1.6
1.4, 1.4
2.5, 2.5
2.9, 2.9
3.3, 3.2
|
New control 13
March 2012
|
126
126
126
126
126
126
|
13
–
6, 7, 7
7, 6, 8, 7
8, 6, 7, 6
7, 5, 8
|
5.0
|
2.0
|
54
|
–
–
3
4 (new)
4
3 (new)
|
nd
nd
2.4, 2.5, 2.4
1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 1.4
2.6, 2.1, 2.3, 2.5
1.8, 2.2, 2.7
|
Tag not found. Plant
not found.
Tag not found. Plant not found.
Reharvested 8 March 2010
Reharvested 13 March 2012
Reharvested 10 March 2014
|
127
127
127
127
127
127
|
8
–
8
8
8
8
|
4.3
|
1.2
|
28
|
1
1
1
1
1
1
|
1.8
2.0
2.3
3.0
3.7
4.1
|
New control 13
March 2012
|
128
128
128
128
128
128
|
13
–
6, 8, 8
6, 7, 6, 7
6, 7, 7, 7
8, 6, 7
|
4.9
|
1.6
|
34
|
3
3
3
4 (new)
4
3 (new)
|
1.6, 2.4, 2.0
1.7, 2.8, 2.0
1.8, 2.8, 2.1
1.5, 1.7, 1.6, 1.5
2.2, 1.9, 2.1, 2.0
2.5, 1.8, 1.4
|
Reharvested 8 March 2010
Reharvested 13 March 2012
Reharvested 10 March 2014
|
129
129
129
129
129
129
|
10
–
6, 7, 7
8, 8, 7, 7
8, 8, 8, 7+
8, 8, 8, 8
|
5.3
|
2.0
|
34
|
4
4
3
4
4
4
|
2.0, 2.0, 1.0, 2.2
2.2, 2.2, 1.7, 2.3
2.2, 2.0, 2.3
2.8, 2.8, 2.8, 2.8
3.0, 3.0, 3.0, 3.0
3.2, 3.6, 3.2, 3.5
|
New control 13
March 2012
|
130
130
130
130
130
130
|
8
–
7, 7
13, 8
–
7, 13
|
5.3
|
1.6
|
23
|
2
2
2
2
missed
2
|
1.1, 3.1
1.1, 3.7
3.9, 1.4
4.7, 2.3
–
5.0, 3.4
|
Main crown stepped on & healed.
|
131
131
131
131
131
131
|
8
–
7, 7, 7
6
nd
8, 5
|
4.8
|
2.6
|
26
|
3
3
3
1
0
2 (new)
|
1.4, 1.2, 1.1
1.9, 1.5, 1.4
1.0, 1.7, 1.6
2.0
nd
2.0, 1.5
|
Reharvested 8 March 2010
Lopsided; herbivores ate one side.
Reharvested set 13 March
2012
Reharvested 10 March 2014
|
132
132
132
132
132
132
|
8
–
nd
nd
nd
nd
|
4.4
|
1.5
|
17
|
2
2
nd
nd
nd
nd
|
1.5, 2.0
1.9, 2.0
nd
nd
nd
nd
|
Plant not present. Hog activity.
|
133
133
133
133
133
133
|
8
–
6
6
6
6
|
4.2
|
1.7
|
20
|
0
1
1
1
1
1
|
nd
0.8
1.3
2.0
2.1
2.9
|
New control 13
March 2012
|
134
134
134
134
134
134
|
8
–
6, 7
nd
6, 6
nd
|
3.4
|
1.1
|
9
|
0
2
2
0
2 (new)
0
|
nd
1.4, 1.6
1.4, 1.4
nd
1.7, 1.9
nd
|
Reharvested 8 March 2010
Reharvested 13 March 2012
Reharvested 10 March 2014
|
135
135
135
135
135
135
|
13
–
12, 5
12, 6
13*, 7
12*, 8
|
5.4
|
1.0
|
28
|
2
2
2
2
2
2
|
2.8, 1.7
3.2, 1.9
3.9, 1.8
4.5, 2.4
5.0, 2.5
5.5, 3.2
|
New control 13
March 2012
*Apical meristem regrowth.
|
136
136
136
136
136
136
|
13
–
6, 7, 7
5*, 6, 6
6, 7, 6
7
|
5.7
|
2.3
|
48
|
2
3
3
3 (new)
3
1 (new)
|
1.9, 1.9
2.4, 2.3, 1.4
2.1, 2.2, 2.0
1.2, 1.7, 1.3
2.5, 2.1, 1.8
2.8
|
Reharvested 8 March 2010
*Apex of plant off-center.
Reharvested 13 March 2012
Reharvested 10 March 2014
|
137
137
137
137
137
137
|
8
–
6, 6, 6
6, 7, 7
6, 7, 7
5, 7, 8
|
4.6
|
1.5
|
17
|
3
3
3
3
3
3
|
1.8, 1.8, 1.7
1.6, 1.6, 1.3
1.3, 1.2, 1.2
2.1, 2.0, 2.0
2.2, 2.0, 2.0
2.8, 2.6, 2.8
|
New control 13
March 2012
|
138
138
138
138
138
138
|
13
–
6, 5, 5
6
6
nd
|
5.7
|
2.6
|
43
|
4
4
3
1 (new)
1
0
|
1.1, 1.4, 1.8, 1.1
1.2, 1.7, 2.4, 1.4
3.0, 1.2, 1.2
1.9
1.9
nd
|
Tag not found. Plant
was found.
Reharvested 8 March 2010
Apical meristem eaten and regrown.
Reharvested 13 March 2012
Reharvested 10 March 2014
|
139
139
139
139
139
139
|
5
–
6
8
8
8
|
2.9
|
1.0
|
6
|
1
1
1
1
1
1
|
1.8
1.9
2.1
2.6
1.9
4.2
|
New control 13
March 2012
|
140
140
140
140
140
140
|
10
–
nd
nd
nd
nd
|
5.4
|
1.2
|
28
|
0
0
0
0
0
0
|
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
|
Presumed dead but not locateable.
|
141
141
141
141
141
141
|
13
–
7, 7, 7, 7
8, 9, 5*
8, 8, 8
8, 8, 3
|
5.0
|
1.0
|
23
|
4
4
4
3 (new)
3
3 (new)
|
1.6, 1.6, 1.8, 1.5
–, –, –, –
2.0, 1.8, 1.5, 1.5
1.8, 2.0, 1.5
2.4, 2.2, 2.3
2.8, 2.7, 1.8
|
Reharvested 8 March 2010
*Pup still in the process of emerging.
Reharvested 13 March 2012
Reharvested 10 March 2014
|
142
142
142
142
142
142
|
13
–
6, 6, 6, 6
8, 7, 7, 6
6, 6, 5, 6
8, 8, 5, 5
|
6.4
|
2.1
|
62
|
–
–
4
4
4
4
|
nd
nd
2.6, 1.3, 1.1, 1.2
2.0, 2.0, 2.0, 3.3
3.6, 2.4, 2.2, 2.3
4.8, 2.8, 2.7, 2.6
|
Tag not found. Plant
not found.
Tag not found. Plant not found.
New control 13
March 2012
|
143
143
143
143
143
143
|
13
–
8, 8, 7
7, 9, 7
8, 7, 7
6, 6, 7
|
6.3
|
1.9
|
51
|
–
–
3
3 (new)
3
3 (new)
|
nd
nd
2.9, 2.7, 2.6
1.7, 2.8, 2.1
3.1, 2.6, 3.0
2.5, 2.2, 1.8
|
Tag not found. Plant
not found.
Tag not found. Plant not found.
Reharvested 8 March 2010
Reharvested 13 March 2012
Reharvested 10 March 2014
|
144
144
144
144
144
144
|
5
–
6, 6
6, 6
7, 6
5, 7
|
3.9
|
1.7
|
23
|
2
2
2
2
2
2
|
1.0, 1.0
1.4, 1.3
0.9, 1.0
2.0, 2.0
2.2, 2.1
3.0, 3.1
|
New control 13
March 2012
|
145
145
145
145
145
145
|
5
–
5
7
6
6
|
3.5
|
0.9
|
11
|
1
1
1
1 (new)
1
1 (new)
|
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.6
2.1
1.2
|
Reharvested 8 March 2010
Reharvested 13 March 2012
Reharvested 10 March 2014
|
146
146
146
146
146
146
|
13
–
7, 8
8, 9
7, 8
7, 8
|
5.9
|
1.5
|
37
|
2
2
2
2
2
2
|
1.8, 1.6
2.0, 1.9
2.2, 2.3
2.8, 2.8
3.0, 2.9
3.7, 4.1
|
New control 13
March 2012
|
147
147
147
147
147
147
|
13
–
7, 7, 7, 6
8, 8, 8
7, 6, 6
6
|
5.7
|
1.6
|
34
|
4
4
4
3 (new)
3
1 (new)
|
1.0, 1.4, 1.4, 1.8
1.5, 1.5, 2.0, 2.0
1.7, 1.5, 1.7, 1.2
1.1, 1.5, 1.8
2.2, 1.6, 2.0
2.8
|
Reharvested 8 March 2010
Reharvested 13 March 2012
Reharvested 10 March 2014
|
148
148
148
148
148
148
|
13
–
7
7
8
8
|
6.8
|
3.0
|
54
|
1
1
1
1
1
1
|
2.5
3.4
3.2
4.1
4.5
5.3
|
New control 13
March 2012
|
149
149
149
149
149
149
|
13
–
8x3, 7x3
7, 8*
7, 7
5, 5, 6, 7
|
6.7
|
1.5
|
51
|
6
6
6
2 (new)
2
4 (new)
|
1.8, 1.1, 1.0, 0.9, 1.1, 1.8,
2.1, 2.0, 1.9, 1.4, 2.0, 2.0
2.9, 1.7, 1.9, 1.9, 1.7, 2.4
2.3, 2.4
3.0, 2.7
2.2, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1
|
Reharvested 8 March 2010
*Deformed.
Reharvested 13 March 2012
Reharvested 10 March 2014
|
150
150
150
150
150
150
|
5
–
6, 7
8, 7
6, 6
5, 6
|
2.9
|
1.0
|
9
|
2
2
2
2
2
2
|
1.3, 1.3
1.4, 1.4
1.0, 1.2
2.3, 2.3
2.8, 2.6
4.0, 4.0
|
New control 13
March 2012
|
The 2012 data summary for
the regrowth group
The 2011 data summary for
the regrowth group
The 2010 data summary for
the regrowth group
The 2014 data summary for
the control group
The 2012 data summary for
the control group
The 2011 data summary for
the control group
The 2010 data summary for
the control group
The plants being surveyed are part of a
larger
population occurring on private land in South Texas. The area of the
survey site itself is defined with a transect of 17-gauge electric
fence wire secured with steel stakes — the locations of which are
recorded with a high resolution GPS. The transect zigzags through the
study site with all plants in the study being located within
approximately one-half meter of the wire. The area of the study site
has not yet been accurately measured but we estimate it to be around
half a hectare.
We also tagged and measured
a control group of 50 plants on 23 NOV 2008, which in future monitoring
will give us an idea of the magnitude of natural mortality not
associated with harvesting. {The
results from our visits concerning those 50 individuals serving as our
control group.}
An additional 20 plants (#201-220) were
harvested during the November 2008 monitoring to make up for what was
believed to be lost plants from the original group of 50 harvested
plants. {The results from our
visits concerning those twenty individuals.}
7 March 2009 update:
Interestingly we found the same number of
harvested study plants (with their tags) but as can be seen in the
table above these were not entirely the same plants & tags as had
been located on 23 November 2008.
On this visit we used a Trimble
high-resolution GPS instrument to record the location of all tags
and/or plants located.
Complete or partial burial of plants and their
tags was sometimes encountered. To aid in future visits we added a
rebar stake near each tagged plant.
6 March 2010 update:
A number of our tags and plants were completely
buried and hence provided missing data in 2009. In 2010, thanks
to the use of a high powered metal detector, we located our
tags, stakes and plants except in the instances where the plants and
their tag were totally
missing from the study site.
13 March 2012 update:
In 2012, thanks
again to the use of a high powered metal detector, we located all of
our
tags, stakes and plants except as mentioned above. We did not get
photos of control #161 or its
tag again this year.
10 March 2014 update:
In 2014, we
had the interesting challenge of photographing and measuring plants
amidst rain. I somehow did not photograph #111's
tag or rebar this year.
Due
to issues created by the rain, I also did not acquire any
"after"-photographs of the plants that had been reharvested this year.
Feral hog activity
was extensive at this site. In 2014, we discovered that the impact of wandering cattle had been added to the study site.
Lophophora
is surviving many known challenges.
View of the former sites for #101 & #102 following a thorough search.
Wire that is visible in the center right is the start of our transect line.
If you would like to help
support additional
studies of this type, designed to answer basic questions that are
critical to the optimal stewardship/management of vulnerable cactus
species, please send a contribution,
of $25 USD or whatever amount you can afford, to the Cactus
Conservation Institute, 909 E. Sul Ross Ave., Alpine, TX 79830.
We also now accept donations via PayPal.
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