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    A pictorial account of some fieldwork conducted in 2007.




    It is fairly commonly accepted that there are four recognized species in the genus Lophophora.

        L. williamsii is the best known peyote plant.
        Of the four accepted species this is the only one that has hallucinogenic properties.


    Lophophora williamsii

    Lophophora williamsii in San Luis Potosi


    L. williamsii has at least two forms that need more study.


    Lophophora williamsii in Coahuila.

    These plants appear to be similar to if not identical with the small and scattered West Texas populations.

        We know that the northern populations of L. williamsii (including all of the known US populations and most probably the Coahuilan plants) are self-fertile. This means that they outcross very little and within a given population there is little to no genetic diversity among individuals.
        (Based on the preliminary DNA data published in Chapter IV of Dr. Terry's dissertation.)


    Lophophora williamsii in Coahuila



    Lophophora williamsii in Tamaulipas.

    These plants appear to be morphologically similar to if not identical with the South Texas populations.
        It is not known if these Tamaulipan plants are also similar to the South Texas plants in terms of their fertility (self-fertile) or if they are more like the El Huizache plants that known to be self-sterile (next image below) or if they lie somewhere in between.
        Their DNA can tell us the answer to this question.
        This underlines the need for a DNA-based genetic study across the geographic range of the genus.


    Lophophora williamsii in Tamaulipas



    Lophophora williamsii at El Huizache.

    Greenhouse breeding experiments by Bohata and colleagues in the Czech Republic and Koehres in Germany have shown that plants from this population are self-sterile and therefore obligate outcrossers (leading one to suspect a great deal of genetic diversity with many genotypes occurring in a single population).
        More images are on page 17 & 18.


    Lophophora williamsii in SLP




    Lophophora diffusa is a more southerly species that has been long accepted by botanists.


    Lophophora diffusa in Queretaro.

    Lophophora diffusa




    L. fricii is a northerly form with a chemical profile more resembling that of the southern L. diffusa than the much closer L. williamsii.
        As is true for L. williamsii, it also has two distinct forms in need of more study.
        These populations are geographically separated by around 20-25 miles.


    Lophophora fricii growing in montane surroundings.

    These are more often solitary than offsetting. These love growing among rocks. They are found in mountainous terrain above a certain elevation but never on the lower slopes.


    Lophophora fricii




    Lophophora fricii growing in silty flats.

    These are predominantly wildly caespitose and often form clumps of dozens of crowns.


    Lophophora fricii




    L. koehresii is the most recently accepted new taxon in the genus.


    Lophophora koehresii

    L. koehresii's range overlaps L. williamsii range in part but it does not share the same habitat and instead prefers mud flats.



    Lophophora koehresii

    The exact relationship of these species is a question that has long fascinated and often frustrated botanists.
        To be able to know the answers using modern analytical techniques, the DNA of bona fide wild populations would be required for study.
        It was with this in mind that field research was organized with the help of our academic colleagues in Mexico and the pertinent regulatory institutions of Mexico and the USA.




    More recently a fifth new miniature species of Lophophora was described.

    Lophophora alberto-vojtechii


    Lophophora alberto-vojtechii

    Lophophora alberto-vojtechii in Prague in 2009; grafted for accelerated seed production.
    This is species preservation in action.



    Lophophora alberto-vojtechii

        See details about Lophophora alberto-vojtechii in:
                Jaroslav Bohata 2008 Cactus & Co 2 (12): 105-117.
                  and
                Snicer et al. 2009. The Littlest Lophophora. CSJ
                  [download the latter as a 2.3 Mb PDF]


    the distribution of Lophophora

    Various viewpoints of the distribution of the Lophophora species
    (above merges the distribution maps of Anderson, Koehres & Jarda)




    Of related interest:


    Lophophora spp. flowers


    Habermann's two Lophophoras


    A closer look at Lophophora pentagona


    A number of plants look similar to peyote that are not Lophophora


    Many plants are called peyote that are not Lophophora. See Anderson 1980




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